German voters are heading to the polls Sunday for a national election. The race pits the incumbent chancellor against the opposition leader, the vice chancellor and — for the first time — a leader of a far-right party.
Germany’s electoral system rarely gives any party an absolute majority and opinion polls suggest that no party is anywhere near one this time. Two or more parties will most likely form a coalition in the coming weeks.
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Sunday’s election comes as Germany and the rest of Europe grapple with the new Trump administration, the Russia-Ukraine war and security across the continent.
Here’s the latest:
Getting ready to count postal votes
Election workers in Munich are preparing to count postal votes by spreading pink envelopes on a big table.
Letters can be opened starting at 3 p.m. local time and the actual count begins at 6 p.m. when polling stations have closed.
Turnout is 52% hours before polls close
Germany’s election authority says 52% of eligible voters had cast their ballots four hours before polling stations close.
The authority said the figure for turnout by 2 p.m. local time (1300 GMT) didn’t include people who voted by postal ballot. It compares with 36.5% at the same time in the 2021 election, but many people cast absentee ballots in that vote, which took place during COVID-19 restrictions.
Turnout is typically high in German elections. The final turnout figure in the 2021 election was 76.4%.
Colors of a coalition
Chancellor Olaf Scholz’s coalition was an alliance of the Social Democrats, Greens and Free Democrats.
The grouping is known as the “traffic light” coalition because of the combination of red, green and yellow party colors.
The colors of the parties running in Sunday’s election are black (Union bloc), red (Social Democrats), green (the Greens), yellow (Free Democrats) and blue (AfD).
The new government could be a “Kenya” coalition (Union bloc, Social Democrats, the Greens) or a “Germany” coalition (Union bloc, Social Democrats, Free Democrats).
▶ Check out this photo gallery of the election campaign season
More than 500,000 newly naturalized Germans are eligible to vote
Almost a third of the new Germans are originally from Syria. Most of them left their home countries in the last decade, fleeing war, political instability and economic hardship. In 2015-2016 alone, more than 1 million migrants came to Germany, most from Syria, but also from Afghanistan and Iraq.
Since the last national election in 2021, the number of naturalizations in Germany has risen sharply.
For the new Germans originally from Syria, the election is weighted with extra significance. Many of them fled their country because of the civil war that followed former President Bashar Assad’s crackdown on protests calling for greater democratic freedom. He was toppled in November, but whether Syria will now become a democracy remains unclear. In the meantime, they are able to vote in multi-party elections in their new home.
▶ Read more about what five of the newcomers say about voting in Germany
How quickly will a governing coalition be formed?
There is no formal referee for the process of forming a new government, and no set time limit.
Conservative leader and front-runner Friedrich Merz has said he hopes to form a new government by mid-April if he wins.
Chancellor Olaf Scholz’s outgoing government will remain in office on a caretaker basis until the Bundestag elects the new chancellor.
▶ Read more about Austria’s efforts to form a governing coalition
What is the ‘firewall’ against AfD?
Mainstream German parties say they won’t work with any far-right parties threatening democracy, a postwar stance often referred to as a “firewall.”
That includes the Alternative for Germany (AfD) in Sunday’s election.
U.S. Vice President JD Vance in Munich earlier this month said there is no place for “firewalls,” drawing strong criticism from German leaders.
▶ Read more about the “firewall”
‘Make Germany great again’: Far-right party could see historic gains in Sunday’s election
The Alternative for Germany (AfD) party first entered parliament eight years ago on the back of discontent with the arrival of large numbers of migrants in the mid-2010s, and curbing migration remains its signature theme.
But the party has proven adept at harnessing discontent with other issues, too: Germany’s move away from fossil fuels, restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic and support for Ukraine after Russia’s full-scale invasion nearly three years ago.
▶ Read more about AfD’s rise
Bayern great Uli Hoeness speaks out against far right
Bayern Munich powerbroker Uli Hoeness says he would speak with any of the club’s players who support the far-right, anti-immigrant Alternative for Germany (AfD) party.
Hoeness, Bayern’s honorary president after more than 40 years at the forefront of the club, told Kicker magazine in an interview published Sunday that he would question any AfD-supporting player “and ask him if he still has all his tools in his toolbox.”
Hoeness previously spoke against AfD at a memorial service for Bayern great Franz Beckenbauer, arguing for the continuation of club projects that fight racism and discrimination.
“Bayern is a wonderful role model for migration and integration. More than half of our youth players have a migration background,” Hoeness told Kicker.
Trump’s relationship with Germany
Germany’s next government will be central to Europe’s response to U.S. President Donald Trump and his assertive new administration.
Chancellor Olaf Scholz said last month that a second Trump presidency will be “a challenge.”
Far-right leader Alice Weidel has vowed to “make Germany great again” in an echo of Trump’s campaign slogan.
▶ Watch European leaders react to Trump’s victory
Thousands protested against Merz ahead of Sunday's vote
Tens of thousands of people across Germany in recent weeks have protested against the far-right Alternative for Germany (AfD) party and conservative front-runner Friedrich Merz for sending to parliament proposals for tough new migration rules that received AfD’s backing.
The demonstrators — and former German Chancellor Angela Merkel — say Merz broke “the firewall” against cooperation with anti-immigrant, far-right parties.
Merz insists his position is unchanged and that he didn’t and won’t work with the party.
▶ Read more about the protests
Conservative leader and front-runner Friedrich Merz casts his vote in German election
Conservative leader and front-runner Friedrich Merz has cast his vote in the German election.
Merz is the leader of the center-right Union bloc, which has by far the best chance of forming a new government.
Merz voted Sunday in Arnsberg in western Germany, just minutes after his main rival, Chancellor Olaf Scholz. He is also facing environmentalist Greens candidate Robert Habeck and far-right leader Alice Weidel in the race for chancellor.
Habeck and Weidel voted early.
Sunday’s election comes as Germany and the rest of Europe grapples with the new Trump administration, the Russia-Ukraine war and security across the continent.
Scholz votes in German election that comes after his governing coalition collapsed
Chancellor Olaf Scholz has voted in a German election that comes after his governing coalition collapsed last year.
Scholz then lost a confidence vote, forcing President Frank-Walter Steinmeier to dissolve the parliament and schedule a new election.
Scholz voted Sunday in Potsdam, a city outside Berlin, and is facing opposition leader and front-runner Friedrich Merz, Vice Chancellor and environmentalist Greens candidate Robert Habeck and far-right leader Alice Weidel in the race for chancellor.
Who is Merz, the front-runner for chancellor?
Friedrich Merz, the current opposition leader, is the front-runner in the country’s election campaign.
His center-right Union bloc is leading polls.
The 69-year-old became leader of the Christian Democratic Union after Chancellor Angela Merkel stepped down in 2021, though he joined the party decades before.
German president votes
President Frank-Walter Steinmeier has cast his vote at a polling station in Berlin, according to the German news agency dpa. He is in his second term as president and hails from the center-left Social Democratic Party.
The global importance of this election
Germany is the most populous country in the 27-nation European Union and a leading member of NATO. It will be central to shaping the continent’s response to the challenges of the coming years, including the Trump administration’s confrontational foreign and trade policies.
Leading contenders make final appeals
Merz vowed to revive the stagnant economy and defend Europe’s interests in the face of a confrontational U.S. administration. Scholz, meanwhile, insisted that he still hopes for an improbable last-minute comeback.
▶ Read more about Saturday’s election events
Who can vote?
German citizens aged 18 and up can vote. At least 59.2 million people in the nation of 84 million are eligible, about 2.3 million of them for the first time.
Polling stations are open from 8 a.m. to 6 p.m. local time.
Exit polls will be announced and vote-counting will begin immediately after voting ends. A final official result is expected early Monday.
The candidates for chancellor
Four candidates are bidding to be Germany’s next leader in Sunday’s election.
The candidates are incumbent Chancellor Olaf Scholz, opposition leader Friedrich Merz, Vice Chancellor and environmentalist Greens candidate Robert Habeck and co-leader of the AfD AfD Alice Weidel.
Polls have opened across Germany
Polls are now open across Germany in an election that could shape Europe’s response to the new Trump administration, the Russia-Ukraine war and security across the continent.
Why is Germany holding an election?
The election comes seven months ahead of schedule following the collapse of Chancellor Olaf Scholz’s three-party coalition in early November.
It’s only the fourth time the Bundestag has been dissolved ahead of schedule following a confidence vote under Germany’s post-World War II constitution.